Romans 1:3-28 in English

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead; even Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship, unto obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name’s sake;

⁶ among whom are ye also, called to be Jesus Christ’s:

⁷ to all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you, always in my prayers

¹⁰ making request, if by any means now at length I may be prospered by the will of God to come unto you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be comforted in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ And I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you (and was hindered hitherto), that I might have some fruit in you also, even as in the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to Barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you also that are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For therein is revealed a righteousness of God from faith unto faith: as it is written, But the righteous shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hinder the truth in unrighteousness;

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is manifest in them; for God manifested it unto them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity; that they may be without excuse:

²¹ because that, knowing God, they glorified him not as God, neither gave thanks; but became vain in their reasonings, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and changed the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts unto uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves:

²⁵ for that they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up unto vile passions: for their women changed the natural use into that which is against nature:

²⁷ and likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another, men with men working unseemliness, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was due.

²⁸ And even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up unto a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh;

⁴ And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

⁵ By whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name:

⁶ Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers;

¹⁰ Making request, if by any means now at length I might have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come unto you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established;

¹² That is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me.

¹³ Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise.

¹⁵ So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness;

¹⁹ Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:

²¹ Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:

²⁵ Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature:

²⁷ And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet.

²⁸ And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient;

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection of the dead; even Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship, unto obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name’s sake:

⁶ among whom are ye also, called to be Jesus Christ’s:

⁷ To all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you, always in my prayers

¹⁰ making request, if by any means now at length I may be prospered by the will of God to come unto you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be comforted in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ And I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you (and was hindered hitherto), that I might have some fruit in you also, even as in the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to Barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you also that are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For therein is revealed a righteousness of God by faith unto faith: as it is written, But the righteous shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold down the truth in unrighteousness;

¹⁹ because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God manifested it unto them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity; that they may be without excuse:

²¹ because that, knowing God, they glorified him not as God, neither gave thanks; but became vain in their reasonings, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and changed the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts unto uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonoured among themselves:

²⁵ for that they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up unto vile passions: for their women changed the natural use into that which is against nature:

²⁷ and likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another, men with men working unseemliness, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was due.

²⁸ And even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up unto a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ This good message is about the one whom we know as his Son. As to his Son's physical/human nature, he was born a descendant of King David.

⁴ As to his divine nature, it was shown { God showed} powerfully that he is ◄God's own Son/the man who is also God►. God showed this by his Holy Spirit causing him to become alive again after he died. He is Jesus Christ our Lord.

⁵ He is the one who appointed me, who did not deserve it, to be an apostle. He did that in order that many among the non-Jews would honor him and would obey him as a result of their believing my message about him.

⁶ You believers who are living in Rome city are included among those whom God has chosen to belong to Jesus Christ.

⁷ I am writing this letter to all of you in Rome whom God loves and whom he has chosen to become his people. I pray that God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord will continue to act kindly toward you and will continue to cause you to have inner peace.

⁸ As I begin this letter, I thank my God for all you believers in Rome. It is because of what Jesus Christ has done for us that I am able to do that. I thank him because your trusting in Jesus Christ is something that people all over the Roman Empire HYP are talking about.

⁹ God, whom I devotedly serve as I proclaim to people the gospel concerning his Son, knows that I tell the truth when I say that I always mention you whenever DOU I pray to God HYP.

¹⁰ I especially ask God that if he desires me to visit you, somehow at last I shall be able to do so.

¹¹ I pray this because I long to visit you to help you spiritually, in order that you will become stronger spiritually.

¹² I long to visit you in order that you and I might encourage each other by means of our sharing with each other how each of us trusts in Jesus.

¹³ My fellow believers, many times I planned to visit you. I certainly want you to know LIT that. But I have not been able to come to you because I have been hindered { things have always prevented me} until the present time. I have wanted to come in order that I might help you to mature spiritually IDM, as I have helped people to mature spiritually in many other non-Jewish groups HYP.

¹⁴ I feel obliged to proclaim the gospel to all non-Jewish people, specifically to people who know the Greek language and culture and to those who do not know it, to people who are educated and to those who are uneducated.

¹⁵ So what I have eagerly desired is that I might proclaim this good message to you who are living in Rome also.

¹⁶ That leads me to say that I very confidently proclaim LIT the good message about what Christ has done, because this good message is the powerful means that God uses to save from the guilt of their sins all people who trust in what Christ has done for them. Specifically, God first has saved the Jews who believe the good message, and then he has saved non-Jews.

¹⁷ By means of this good message God reveals how he erases the record of people's sins (OR, declares people no longer guilty for having sinned); and his doing this is entirely because IDM they trust in Christ. This is confirmed by what a prophet long ago wrote that God said, “Those ◄whose record of sin I have erased/whom I have declared no longer guilty for sin► because they trust in me will live forever.”

¹⁸ From where God rules in heaven he is making it clear to all non-Jewish people who show no respect for God and who do wicked things, that he is angry with them and that they deserve to be punished { that he would punish them} MTY. By means of their behaving wickedly, they keep other people from believing what they know to be true about God.

¹⁹ Everyone can clearly know what God is like, because God himself has revealed to everyone what he is like.

²⁰ People cannot see what God is like. But ever since he created the world, by means of what he created he has clearly revealed what he is like. He has made clear to everyone that he has always been able to do very powerful things. Therefore, we should recognize that God is powerful, completely different from all that he created. So no one has a basis for saying, “We never knew about God.”

²¹ Although the non-Jews knew what God is like, they did not honor him as God, nor did they thank him for what he had done. But instead, they began to think foolish things about him, and they became unable to understand MET what he wanted them to know.

²² Although they claimed that they were wise, they became foolish,

²³ and they refused to admit that God is glorious and will never die. Instead, they made and worshipped idols that resembled people who will some day die, and then they made other idols that resembled birds and four-footed animals, and finally they made idols that resembled reptiles.

²⁴ So God allowed the non-Jews do immoral sexual things that they SYN strongly desired, things that their desires were compelling them to do. As a result, they began to dishonor each other's bodies by their sexual actions.

²⁵ Also, they chose to worship false gods instead ◄of admitting/of choosing to believe► what is true about God. They worshipped and served things that God created instead of worshipping and serving God himself, the one who created everything. They did this even though he deserves that those he created would forever praise him. Amen!/May it be so!

²⁶ So, God allowed the non-Jews to do shameful sexual things that they strongly desired. As a result, many women did not have natural sexual relations with their husbands EUP. Instead, they were doing sexual actions with other women EUP.

²⁷ Similarly, many men stopped having/did not have natural sexual relations with women EUP. Instead, they strongly desired to have sexual relations with other men. They committed homosexual acts with other men, acts that were shameful. As a result, God has punished them by sicknesses in their bodies, which is what they deserve because they thought wrongly that God would not punish them for doing that.

²⁸ Furthermore, because they decided that it was not worthwhile to know God, he allowed their own worthless thoughts to completely control them. As a result, they began doing evil things that God says that people should not do.

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ among whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burned in their lust toward one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ among whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burned in their lust toward one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith amongst all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ amongst whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit amongst you also, even as amongst the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonoured amongst themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burnt in their lust towards one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ About his Son who, in the flesh, came from the family of David,

⁴ But was marked out as Son of God in power by the Holy Spirit through the coming to life again of the dead; Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ Through whom grace has been given to us, sending us out to make disciples to the faith among all nations, for his name:

⁶ Among whom you in the same way have been marked out to be disciples of Jesus Christ:

⁷ To all those who are in Rome, loved by God, marked out as saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First of all, I give praise to my God through Jesus Christ for you all, because news of your faith has gone into all the world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whose servant I am in spirit in the good news of his Son, that you are at all times in my memory and in my prayers,

¹⁰ And that I am ever making prayers that God will give me a good journey to you.

¹¹ For I have a strong desire to see you, and to give you some grace of the spirit, so that you may be made strong;

¹² That is to say, that all of us may be comforted together by the faith which is in you and in me.

¹³ You may be certain, my brothers, that it has frequently been in my mind to come to you (but till now I was kept from it), so that I might have some fruit from you in the same way as I have had it from the other nations.

¹⁴ I have a debt to Greeks and to the nations outside; to the wise and to those who have no learning.

¹⁵ For which reason I have the desire, as far as I am able, to give the knowledge of the good news to you who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I have no feeling of shame about the good news, because it is the power of God giving salvation to everyone who has faith, to the Jew first, and then to the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it there is the revelation of the righteousness of God from faith to faith: as it is said in the holy Writings, The man who does righteousness will be living by his faith.

¹⁸ For there is a revelation of the wrath of God from heaven against all the wrongdoing and evil thoughts of men who keep down what is true by wrongdoing;

¹⁹ Because the knowledge of God may be seen in them, God having made it clear to them.

²⁰ For from the first making of the world, those things of God which the eye is unable to see, that is, his eternal power and existence, are fully made clear, he having given the knowledge of them through the things which he has made, so that men have no reason for wrongdoing:

²¹ Because, having the knowledge of God, they did not give glory to God as God, and did not give praise, but their minds were full of foolish things, and their hearts, being without sense, were made dark.

²² Seeming to be wise, they were in fact foolish,

²³ And by them the glory of the eternal God was changed and made into the image of man who is not eternal, and of birds and beasts and things which go on the earth.

²⁴ For this reason God gave them up to the evil desires of their hearts, working shame in their bodies with one another:

²⁵ Because by them the true word of God was changed into that which is false, and they gave worship and honour to the thing which is made, and not to him who made it, to whom be blessing for ever. So be it.

²⁶ For this reason God gave them up to evil passions, and their women were changing the natural use into one which is unnatural:

²⁷ And in the same way the men gave up the natural use of the woman and were burning in their desire for one another, men doing shame with men, and getting in their bodies the right reward of their evil-doing.

²⁸ And because they had not the mind to keep God in their knowledge, God gave them up to an evil mind, to do those things which are not right;

³ concerning his Son (come of David's seed according to flesh,

⁴ marked out Son of God in power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by resurrection of the dead) Jesus Christ our Lord;

⁵ by whom we have received grace and apostleship in behalf of his name, for obedience of faith among all the nations,

⁶ among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ to all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is proclaimed in the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the glad tidings of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you,

¹⁰ always beseeching at my prayers, if any way now at least I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I greatly desire to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to establish you;

¹² that is, to have mutual comfort among you, each by the faith which is in the other, both yours and mine.

¹³ But I do not wish you to be ignorant, brethren, that I often proposed to come to you, (and have been hindered until the present time,) that I might have some fruit among you too, even as among the other nations also.

¹⁴ I am a debtor both to Greeks and barbarians, both to wise and unintelligent:

¹⁵ so, as far as depends on me, am I ready to announce the glad tidings to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the glad tidings; for it is God's power to salvation, to every one that believes, both to Jew first and to Greek:

¹⁷ for righteousness of God is revealed therein, on the principle of faith, to faith: according as it is written, But the just shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For there is revealed wrath of God from heaven upon all impiety, and unrighteousness of men holding the truth in unrighteousness.

¹⁹ Because what is known of God is manifest among them, for God has manifested it to them,

²⁰ — for from the world's creation the invisible things of him are perceived, being apprehended by the mind through the things that are made, both his eternal power and divinity, — so as to render them inexcusable.

²¹ Because, knowing God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but fell into folly in their thoughts, and their heart without understanding was darkened:

²² professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and changed the glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of an image of corruptible man and of birds and quadrupeds and reptiles.

²⁴ Wherefore God gave them up also in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, to dishonour their bodies between themselves:

²⁵ who changed the truth of God into falsehood, and honoured and served the creature more than him who had created it, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason God gave them up to vile lusts; for both their females changed the natural use into that contrary to nature;

²⁷ and in like manner the males also, leaving the natural use of the female, were inflamed in their lust towards one another; males with males working shame, and receiving in themselves the recompense of their error which was fit.

²⁸ And according as they did not think good to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind to practise unseemly things;

³ Concerning his Son, who was made to him of the seed of David, according to the flesh,

⁴ Who was predestinated the Son of God in power, according to the spirit of sanctification, by the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead;

⁵ By whom we have received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith, in all nations, for his name;

⁶ Among whom are you also the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ To all that are at Rome, the beloved of God, called to be saints. Grace to you, and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First I give thanks to my God, through Jesus Christ, for you all, because your faith is spoken of in the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make a commemoration of you;

¹⁰ Always in my prayers making request, if by any means now at length I may have a prosperous journey, by the will of God, to come unto you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual grace, to strengthen you:

¹² That is to say, that I may be comforted together in you, by that which is common to us both, your faith and mine.

¹³ And I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that I have often purposed to come unto you, (and have been hindered hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.

¹⁴ To the Greeks and to the barbarians, to the wise and to the unwise, I am a debtor;

¹⁵ So (as much as is in me) I am ready to preach the gospel to you also that are at Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel. For it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth, to the Jew first, and to the Greek.

¹⁷ For the justice of God is revealed therein, from faith unto faith, as it is written: The just man liveth by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and injustice of those men that detain the truth of God in injustice:

¹⁹ Because that which is known of God is manifest in them. For God hath manifested it unto them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him, from the creation of the world, are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made; his eternal power also, and divinity: so that they are inexcusable.

²¹ Because that, when they knew God, they have not glorified him as God, or given thanks; but became vain in their thoughts, and their foolish heart was darkened.

²² For professing themselves to be wise, they became fools.

²³ And they changed the glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of the image of a corruptible man, and of birds, and of fourfooted beasts, and of creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore God gave them up to the desires of their heart, unto uncleanness, to dishonour their own bodies among themselves.

²⁵ Who changed the truth of God into a lie; and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God delivered them up to shameful affections. For their women have changed the natural use into that use which is against nature.

²⁷ And, in like manner, the men also, leaving the natural use of the women, have burned in their lusts one towards another, men with men working that which is filthy, and receiving in themselves the recompense which was due to their error.

²⁸ And as they liked not to have God in their knowledge, God delivered them up to a reprobate sense, to do those things which are not convenient;

³ concerning His Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection of the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship for the obedience of faith among all the nations for His name,

⁶ among whom you also are the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ To all those who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of His Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting if somehow now at sometime I shall succeed in the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, that you may be established—

¹² that is, that I may be encouraged together with you through our mutual faith—both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I do not want you to be ignorant, brothers, that often I planned to come to you (and I was hindered until now), that I might have some fruit among you also, just as among the other Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the unwise.

¹⁵ So, as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the gospel to you who are in Rome also.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God unto salvation to everyone who believes, both to the Jew first and to the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, “The just shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven upon all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness.

¹⁹ Because that which is known of God is manifest in them, for God has shown it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things made, both His eternal power and divinity, so that they are without excuse.

²¹ Because, having known God, they did not glorify Him as God, or give thanks, but became vain in their reasonings, and their foolish heart was darkened.

²² Asserting themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and changed the glory of the incorruptible God for a likeness of an image of corruptible man and of birds and four-footed animals and reptiles.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of the own hearts, to dishonor their own bodies among themselves,

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for the lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason God gave them up to shameful lusts; for even their women exchanged the natural use for that which is contrary to nature,

²⁷ and likewise also the men, having forsaken the natural use of the woman, were inflamed by their lust for one another, men with men, committing what is shameful, and receiving in themselves the recompense which was fitting for their error.

²⁸ And just as they did not approve to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a depraved mind, to do the things which are not fitting;

³ concerning His Son, who became a physical descendant of David,

⁴ who was established to be God's powerful Son (in accordance with Spirit of holiness) by resurrection from the dead—Jesus Christ our Lord—

⁵ through whom we have received grace and apostleship to promote obedience of faith among all ethnic nations concerning His name

⁶ (among these you also are called by Jesus Christ);

⁷ to all the called saints who are in Rome, beloved of God: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and Sovereign Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is being reported all over the world.

⁹ Further, the God whom I serve with my spirit in the Gospel of His Son is my witness, how without ceasing I always remember you in my prayers,

¹⁰ begging that perhaps now, at last, I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, so that you may be established

¹² —that is, that I may be encouraged among you by our mutual faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (but was hindered until now), in order that I might have some fruit among you also, just as among the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am a debtor both to Greeks and to non-Greeks, both to wise and to foolish.

¹⁵ So, for my part, I am eager to preach the Gospel to you who are in Rome as well.

¹⁶ I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, because it is the power of God for the salvation of each one who believes (for the Jew first, then the Greek);

¹⁷ because in it God's righteousness is revealed, from faith to faith; just as it is written: “The righteous one will live by faith.”

¹⁸ Now the wrath of God is revealed from Heaven upon all ungodliness and unrighteousness of the people who suppress the truth by unrighteousness,

¹⁹ precisely because what may be known about God is evident among them, because God has shown it to them.

²⁰ Because His invisible attributes, namely His eternal power and divine nature, are clearly seen from the creation of the world, being understood from what has been made, so that they are inexcusable;

²¹ precisely because, knowing God, they neither glorified Him as God nor gave thanks; so their reasonings became worthless and their senseless hearts were darkened.

²² Claiming to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and exchanged for themselves the glory of the incorruptible God for an image resembling a perishable man—even birds and quadrupeds and reptiles!

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up, through the cravings of their hearts for vileness, to the degrading of their bodies among themselves

²⁵ —they had exchanged the truth of God for the lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason God gave them up to degrading passions; in fact even their females exchanged the natural sexual function for that against nature;

²⁷ likewise also the males, abandoning the natural use of the female, were inflamed in their lust toward one another, males committing the disgraceful act with males, and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error.

²⁸ So precisely because they determined not to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a debased mind, to do wrong things:

³ The good news is about his Son, whose human forefather was David,

⁴ but who was revealed as God's Son by his resurrection from the dead through the power of the Holy Spirit. He is Jesus Christ our Lord.

⁵ It was through him that I received the privilege of becoming an apostle to call all nations to obedient trust in him.

⁶ You are also included among those who were called to belong to Jesus Christ.

⁷ I'm writing to all of you in Rome who are loved by God, and called to be his special people. Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ!

⁸ Let me begin by saying that I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because the way in which you trust in God is spoken about all over the world.

⁹ I'm always praying for you, as God can confirm—the God I serve with the whole of my being as I share the good news about his Son.

¹⁰ In my prayers I'm always asking that I might eventually come and see you, if that's what God wants.

¹¹ I really want to visit you and share with you a spiritual blessing to strengthen you.

¹² In this way we can be encouraged together by each others' trust in God, both your trust and mine.

¹³ I want you to know, my brothers and sisters, I often planned to visit you, but I was kept from coming up till now. I want to see some good spiritual results among you just as I've seen among other people.

¹⁴ For I have an obligation to work for both the civilized and the uncivilized, both the educated and the uneducated.

¹⁵ That's why I'm really keen to come to Rome and share the good news with you.

¹⁶ I'm certainly not ashamed about the good news, for it's God's power to save everyone who trusts in him—to the Jewish people first, and then to everyone else as well.

¹⁷ For in the good news God is revealed as good and right, trustworthy from start to finish. As Scripture says, “Those who are right with God live by trusting him.”

¹⁸ God's hostility is revealed from heaven against those who are godless and who are not morally right, those who suppress the truth through the evil that they do.

¹⁹ What can be known about God is obvious, because he has made it very clear to them.

²⁰ Ever since the creation of the world, the invisible aspects of God—his eternal power and divinity—are clearly visible in what he has made. Such people have no excuse,

²¹ because even though they knew God, they did not praise him or thank him, but instead their thinking about God turned into complete foolishness, and darkness filled their empty minds.

²² Even though they claimed to be wise, they became foolish.

²³ They exchanged the glory of the immortal God for idols, images of mortal human beings, birds, animals, and reptiles.

²⁴ So God abandoned them to the evil desires of their depraved minds, and they did shameful, degrading things to each other.

²⁵ They exchanged God's truth for a lie, worshiping and serving creatures instead of the Creator, who deserves praise forever. Amen.

²⁶ That's why God abandoned them to their evil desires. Their women exchanged natural sex for that which is unnatural,

²⁷ and in the same way the men gave up sex with women and burned with lust for each other. Men did indecent things to each other, and as a result they suffered the inevitable consequences of their perversions.

²⁸ Since they didn't consider it worthwhile to get to know God, he abandoned them to their worthless, distrustful way of thinking, doing things that should never be done.

³ Concerning his Sonne Iesus Christ our Lord (which was made of the seede of Dauid according to the flesh,

⁴ And declared mightily to be the Sonne of God, touching the Spirit of sanctification by the resurrection from the dead)

⁵ By whom we haue receiued grace and Apostleship (that obedience might be giuen vnto ye faith) for his Name among al ye Gentiles,

⁶ Among whom ye be also the called of Iesus Christ:

⁷ To all you that be at Rome beloued of God, called to be Saints: Grace be with you, and peace from God our Father, and from the Lord Iesus Christ.

⁸ First I thanke my God through Iesus Christ for you all, because your faith is published throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witnesse (whom I serue in my spirit in the Gospel of his Sonne) that without ceasing I make mention of you

¹⁰ Alwayes in my prayers, beseeching that by some meanes, one time or other I might haue a prosperous iourney by the will of God, to come vnto you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I might bestowe among you some spirituall gift, that you might be strengthened:

¹² That is, that I might be comforted together with you, through our mutuall faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now my brethren, I would that ye should not be ignorant, how that I haue oftentimes purposed to come vnto you (but haue bene let hitherto) that I might haue some fruite also among you, as I haue among the other Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am detter both to the Grecians, and to the Barbarians, both to the wise men and vnto the vnwise.

¹⁵ Therefore, as much as in me is, I am readie to preach ye Gospel to you also that are at Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God vnto saluation to euery one that beleeueth, to the Iewe first, and also to the Grecian.

¹⁷ For by it the righteousnesse of God is reueiled from faith to faith: as it is written, The iust shall liue by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is reueiled from heauen against all vngodlinesse, and vnrighteousnesse of men, which withhold the trueth in vnrighteousnesse.

¹⁹ Forasmuch as that, which may be knowe of God, is manifest in them: for God hath shewed it vnto them.

²⁰ For the inuisible things of him, that is, his eternal power and Godhead, are seene by ye creation of the worlde, being considered in his workes, to the intent that they should be without excuse:

²¹ Because that when they knewe God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankefull, but became vaine in their thoughtes, and their foolish heart was full of darkenesse.

²² When they professed themselues to be wise, they became fooles.

²³ For they turned the glorie of the incorruptible God to the similitude of the image of a corruptible man, and of birdes, and foure footed beastes, and of creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore also God gaue them vp to their hearts lusts, vnto vncleannesse, to defile their owne bodies betweene themselues:

²⁵ Which turned the trueth of God vnto a lie, and worshipped and serued the creature, forsaking the Creator, which is blessed for euer, Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gaue them vp vnto vile affections: for euen their women did change the naturall vse into that which is against nature.

²⁷ And likewise also the men left the naturall vse of the woman, and burned in their lust one toward another, and man with man wrought filthinesse, and receiued in themselues such recompence of their errour, as was meete.

²⁸ For as they regarded not to acknowledge God, euen so God deliuered them vp vnto a reprobate minde, to doe those things which are not conuenient,

³ concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh;

⁴ and declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

⁵ by whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name:

⁶ among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ to all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you, always in my prayers,

¹⁰ making request, if by any means now at length I might have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come unto you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end you may be established;

¹² that is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me.

¹³ Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise.

¹⁵ So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness;

¹⁹ because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:

²¹ because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:

²⁵ who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature:

²⁷ and likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one towards another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet.

²⁸ And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient;

³ the gospel concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David as to the flesh,

⁴ and shown with power to be the Son of God as to his spirit of holiness, by the resurrection of the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord;

⁵ through whom we received grace and the office of an apostle in behalf of his name, in order to produce obedience to the faith among all nations;

⁶ among whom are ye also, the called of Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all the beloved of God at Rome, called, holy: Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ In the first place, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, how constantly I make mention of you, always in my prayers

¹⁰ supplicating that, if it be possible, I may at last through the will of God be favored with an opportunity of coming to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, which may be for your confirmation;

¹² that is, that I may be edified among you, and you also, through each other's faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ But I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that I often purposed to come to you, though I have been hindered hitherto, that I might have some fruit of my labors among you also, as among the other gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and barbarians, both to the wise and the unwise.

¹⁵ So, according to my ability, I am ready to preach the gospel to you also in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel; for to every believer, to the Jew first and also to the Greek, it is the power of God unto salvation.

¹⁷ For therein is revealed the righteousness which is of God from faith to faith; as it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all impiety and unrighteousness of men, who keep down the truth in unrighteousness.

¹⁹ Because that which may be known of God is manifest within them; for God made it manifest to them.

²⁰ For, ever since the creation of the world, his invisible attributes, even his eternal power and divinity, being perceived from his works, are clearly seen, so that they might be without excuse.

²¹ Because though they knew God, they did not glorify him as God, nor were they thankful to him; but became perverse in their reasonings, and their senseless minds were darkened;

²² professing to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and for the glory of the incorruptible God they substituted images of corruptible man, and of birds and four-footed beasts and creeping things.

²⁴ Wherefore God also gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to debase their bodies with one another;

²⁵ because they changed the true God for false gods, and adored and worshipped created things rather than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up to vile passions. For even their women indulged in unnatural lust,

²⁷ and in like manner the men also, neglecting the natural use of the female, burned with lust for one another, men with men practising that which is shameful, and receiving in themselves the due recompense of their error.

²⁸ And as they did not choose to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do things which are shameful;

³ concerning his Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord; who, as to his human nature, was descended from David,

⁴ but, as to the spirit of holiness within him, was miraculously designated Son of God by his resurrection from the dead.

⁵ Through him we received the gift of the apostolic office, to win submission to the faith amongst all nations for the glory of his name.

⁶ And amongst these nations are you — you who have been called to belong to Jesus Christ.

⁷ To all in Rome who are dear to God and have been called to become Christ's people, may God, our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ bless you and give you peace.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, because the report of your faith is spreading throughout the world.

⁹ God, to whom I offer the worship of my soul as I tell the goodness of his Son, is my witness how constantly I mention you when I pray,

¹⁰ asking that, if he be willing, I may some day at last find the way open to visit you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, in order to impart to you some spiritual gift and so give you fresh strength —

¹² or rather that both you and I may find encouragement in each other's faith.

¹³ I want you to know, my friends, that I have many times intended coming to see you — but until now I have been prevented — that I might find amongst you some fruit of my labours, as I have already amongst the other nations.

¹⁴ I have a duty to both the Greek and the barbarian, to both the cultured and the ignorant.

¹⁵ And so, for my part, I am ready to tell the good news to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the good news; it is the power of God which brings salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first, but also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it there is a revelation of the divine righteousness resulting from faith and leading on to faith; as scripture says — ‘Through faith the righteous will find life.’

¹⁸ So, too, there is a revelation from heaven of the divine wrath against every form of ungodliness and wickedness on the part of those people who, by their wicked lives, are stifling the truth.

¹⁹ This is so, because what can be known about God is plain to them; for God himself has made it plain.

²⁰ For ever since the creation of the universe God's invisible attributes — his everlasting power and divinity — are to be seen and studied in his works, so that people have no excuse;

²¹ because, although they learnt to know God, yet they did not offer him as God either praise or thanksgiving. Their speculations about him proved futile, and their undiscerning minds were darkened.

²² Professing to be wise, they showed themselves fools;

²³ and they transformed the glory of the immortal God into the likeness of mortal humans, and of birds, and beasts, and reptiles.

²⁴ Therefore God abandoned them to impurity, letting them follow the cravings of their hearts, until they dishonoured their own bodies;

²⁵ for they had substituted a lie for the truth about God, and had reverenced and worshipped created things more than the Creator, who is to be praised for ever. Amen.

²⁶ That, I say, is why God abandoned them to degrading passions. Even the women amongst them perverted the natural use of their bodies to the unnatural;

²⁷ while the men, disregarding that for which women were intended by nature, were consumed with passion for one another. Men indulged in vile practices with men, and incurred in their own persons the inevitable penalty for their perverseness.

²⁸ Then, as they would not keep God before their minds, God abandoned them to depraved thoughts, so that they did all kinds of shameful things.

³ concerning his Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord; who, as to his human nature, was descended from David,

⁴ but, as to the spirit of holiness within him, was miraculously designated Son of God by his resurrection from the dead.

⁵ Through him we received the gift of the apostolic office, to win submission to the faith among all nations for the glory of his name.

⁶ And among these nations are you — you who have been called to belong to Jesus Christ.

⁷ To all in Rome who are dear to God and have been called to become Christ's people, may God, our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ bless you and give you peace.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, because the report of your faith is spreading throughout the world.

⁹ God, to whom I offer the worship of my soul as I tell the goodness of his Son, is my witness how constantly I mention you when I pray,

¹⁰ asking that, if he be willing, I may some day at last find the way open to visit you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, in order to impart to you some spiritual gift and so give you fresh strength —

¹² or rather that both you and I may find encouragement in each other's faith.

¹³ I want you to know, my friends, that I have many times intended coming to see you — but until now I have been prevented — that I might find among you some fruit of my labors, as I have already among the other nations.

¹⁴ I have a duty to both the Greek and the barbarian, to both the cultured and the ignorant.

¹⁵ And so, for my part, I am ready to tell the good news to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the good news; it is the power of God which brings salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first, but also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it there is a revelation of the divine righteousness resulting from faith and leading on to faith; as scripture says — ‘Through faith the righteous will find life.’

¹⁸ So, too, there is a revelation from heaven of the divine wrath against every form of ungodliness and wickedness on the part of those people who, by their wicked lives, are stifling the truth.

¹⁹ This is so, because what can be known about God is plain to them; for God himself has made it plain.

²⁰ For ever since the creation of the universe God's invisible attributes — his everlasting power and divinity — are to be seen and studied in his works, so that people have no excuse;

²¹ because, although they learned to know God, yet they did not offer him as God either praise or thanksgiving. Their speculations about him proved futile, and their undiscerning minds were darkened.

²² Professing to be wise, they showed themselves fools;

²³ and they transformed the glory of the immortal God into the likeness of mortal humans, and of birds, and beasts, and reptiles.

²⁴ Therefore God abandoned them to impurity, letting them follow the cravings of their hearts, until they dishonored their own bodies;

²⁵ for they had substituted a lie for the truth about God, and had reverenced and worshiped created things more than the Creator, who is to be praised for ever. Amen.

²⁶ That, I say, is why God abandoned them to degrading passions. Even the women among them perverted the natural use of their bodies to the unnatural;

²⁷ while the men, disregarding that for which women were intended by nature, were consumed with passion for one another. Men indulged in vile practices with men, and incurred in their own persons the inevitable penalty for their perverseness.

²⁸ Then, as they would not keep God before their minds, God abandoned them to depraved thoughts, so that they did all kinds of shameful things.

³ That good news is about his son, Jesus Christ, our leader. He was born as a human baby into King David’s family, but really, he is God’s own son. God showed us in a powerful way that Jesus is his son. He did it like this. People killed Jesus, but God used his Holy Spirit to make him alive again.

⁵ God is very good to me. He picked me out to go to all the people that are not Jews to tell them about Jesus, and get them to believe in him and do whatever he says.

⁶ You people are not Jews, so God sent me to you too. You heard God call out to you to come to Jesus Christ, so now you belong to him.

⁷ I’m sending this letter to all you people that belong to God, and that live in the city called Rome. God called out to you to come and follow him, and to be his people. I pray to God, and to our leader, Jesus Christ. I ask them to show you that they love you, and to make you feel happy and quiet inside yourselves.

⁸ The first thing I want to do is to say thank you to my God. Jesus Christ has opened the way for me to talk to God like this. I thank him for all of you Christian mob there. You really believe in Jesus now and people everywhere in the world tell about you to other people.

⁹ I pray to God all the time and I ask him to help you. (This is true – God knows it is true.) I work hard for God, I tell everyone the Good News about his son.

¹⁰ Whenever I pray to him I ask him to let me come and see you soon, if he agrees to that.

¹¹ I have been waiting for a long time. I really want to see you. I want to help you get more power from God to make you strong.

¹² Then I will see how much you trust God and you will see how much I trust God, and this will make all of us happy.

¹³ You know, I tried to come and see you many times, but God stopped me every time up till now. I want to come and work there with you and get more people to follow Jesus, just like I did at other places.

¹⁴ I’ve got to tell God’s word to all kinds of people. I have to tell it to people that have my culture, and to people that have other cultures. I have to tell it to people that can think good and to people that can’t.

¹⁵ So I want to come to Rome and tell God’s good news to all you mob there, too.

¹⁶ I’m not ashamed of this good news. It is a really strong story because it has God’s power in it. Whenever people believe this good news God saves them. It is the same for everybody, for Jewish people and for people that are not Jews.

¹⁷ This good news is this. God saves people that trust him, and he makes them really good. We read this in his book, “If you trust God he will make you really good, and you will really live.”

¹⁸ God in heaven gets very angry with people that do bad things, whenever they do wrong against God and they do bad things to other people. They themselves do wrong, but that’s not all, they try to block other people so they will not know the true story about God. And this makes God very angry.

¹⁹ God clearly shows everybody enough for us to understand the true story about him. Everybody knows about him.

²⁰ Even though we can’t see God we can know about him. If we look at the things he has made we can know about him, that he is really great and really strong. Ever since he made the world we can look at everything that he made, and we can know about him from those things. So nobody can say that he doesn’t know about God.

²¹ The trouble was this. Even though people could work this out about God, they really didn’t want to know him. They didn’t want to tell him, “Thank you, you really are the true God.” They couldn’t think properly about him. They could only think in stupid ways. They didn’t understand anything.

²² They told everybody that they could think really good, but they were fools.

²³ They didn’t want the wonderful God that never dies, but instead they made models of things that do die. They made things that look like people, or birds, or animals, or snakes or those kinds of things, and they respected those things. They didn’t respect God.

²⁴ So God let them go their own way and they did whatever they felt like doing. They did whatever their dirty minds thought about, and they hurt each other’s bodies whenever they did it.

²⁵ They didn’t want the true story about God but they wanted to believe a lie, and they respected the things that God made instead of respecting God himself. (God is really great and everyone has to tell him, “You are really good,” and they have to keep doing it for ever. Yes, that’s right.)

²⁶ So, after people turned away from God he let them do whatever dirty thing they thought about. Even women no longer wanted to sleep with men any more, like wives do with their husbands, but instead they did things with each other that were not normal.

²⁷ And men too did the same kind of thing. They forgot about women and really wanted to sleep with other men, as if they were women. They did bad things with each other, and this gave them real problems. They hurt each other. And these problems were the right thing for them.

²⁸ You see, they didn’t like to even think about God, so he let them think about lots of bad things, and they did all sorts of wrong things.

³ that make mension of his sonne the which was begotte of the seed of David as pertayninge to the flesshe:

⁴ and declared to be the sonne of God with power of the holy goost that sanctifieth sence the tyme that Iesus Christ oure Lorde rose agayne from deeth

⁵ by whom we have receaved grace and apostleshyppe to bringe all maner hethe people vnto obedience of the fayth that is in his name:

⁶ of the which hethen are ye a part also which are Iesus christes by vocacion.

⁷ To all you of Rome beloved of God and saynctes by callinge. Grace be with you and peace from God oure father and from the Lorde Iesus Christ.

⁸ Fyrst verely I thanke my God thorow Iesus Christ for you all because youre fayth is publisshed through out all the worlde.

⁹ For God is my witnes whom I serve with my sprete in the Gospell of his sonne that with out ceasinge I make mencion of you alwayes in my prayers

¹⁰ besechinge that at one tyme or another a prosperous iorney (by the will of god) myght fortune me to come vnto you.

¹¹ For I longe to see you that I myght bestowe amonge you some spirituall gyfte to strength you with all:

¹² that is that I myght have consolacion together with you through the commen fayth which bothe ye and I have.

¹³ I wolde that ye shuld knowe brethren how that I have often tymes purposed to come vnto you (but have bene let hitherto) to have some frute amonge you as I have amonge other of the Gentyls.

¹⁴ For I am detter both to the Grekes and to them which are no Grekes vnto the learned and also vnto the vnlearned.

¹⁵ Lykewyse as moche as in me is I am redy to preache the Gospell to you of Rome also.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Gospell of Christ because it is the power of God vnto salvacion to all that beleve namely to the Iewe and also to the getyle.

¹⁷ For by it the rightewesnes which cometh of god is opened from fayth to fayth. As it is written: The iust shall live by fayth.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God apereth from heven agaynst all vngodlynes and vnrightewesnes of me which withholde the trueth in vnrightewesnes:

¹⁹ seynge what maye be knowen of God that same is manifest amonge them. For God dyd shewe it vnto them.

²⁰ So that his invisible thinges: that is to saye his eternall power and godhed are vnderstonde and sene by the workes from the creacion of the worlde. So that they are without excuse

²¹ in as moche as when they knewe god they glorified him not as God nether were thakfull but wexed full of vanities in their imaginacions and their folisshe hertes were blynded.

²² When they counted them selves wyse they became foles

²³ and turned the glory of the immortall god vnto the similitude of the ymage of mortall man and of byrdes and foure foted beastes and of serpentes.

²⁴ Wherfore god lykewyse gave the vp vnto their hertes lustes vnto vnclennes to defyle their awne boddyes bitwene them selves:

²⁵ which tourned his truthe vnto a lye and worshipped and served the creatures more then the maker which is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause god gave them vp vnto shamfull lustes. For even their wemen did chaunge the naturall vse vnto the vnnaturall.

²⁷ And lyke wyse also the men lefte the naturall vse of the woman and bret in their lustes one on another. And man with man wrought filthynes and receaved in them selves the rewarde of their erroure as it was accordinge.

²⁸ And as it semed not good vnto them to be aknowen of God even so God delivered them vp vnto a leawde mynd that they shuld do tho thinges which were not comly

³ concerning his Son who was a descendant of David according to the flesh.

⁴ Through the Spirit of holiness he was declared with power to be the Son of God by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord.

⁵ Through him we have received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the nations, for the sake of his name.

⁶ Among these nations, you also have been called to belong to Jesus Christ.

⁷ This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God, who are called to be holy people. May grace be to you, and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, of how continually I make mention of you.

¹⁰ I always request in my prayers that by any means I may at last be successful now by the will of God in coming to you.

¹¹ For I desire to see you, that I may give you some spiritual gift, in order to strengthen you.

¹² That is, I long to be mutually encouraged among you, through each other's faith, yours and mine.

¹³ Now I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, that I often intended to come to you, (but I was hindered until now), in order to have a harvest among you, just as I have had among the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am a debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So, as for me, I am ready to proclaim the gospel also to you who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first and for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it God's righteousness is revealed from faith to faith, as it has been written, “The righteous will live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people, who through unrighteousness hold back the truth.

¹⁹ This is because that which is known about God is visible to them. For God has enlightened them.

²⁰ For his invisible qualities, namely his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.

²¹ This is because, although they knew about God, they did not glorify him as God, nor did they give him thanks. Instead, they became foolish in their thoughts, and their senseless hearts were darkened.

²² They claimed to be wise, but they became foolish.

²³ They exchanged the glory of the imperishable God for the likenesses of an image of perishable man, of birds, of four-footed beasts, and of creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God gave them over to the lusts of their hearts for uncleanness, for their bodies to be dishonored among themselves.

²⁵ It is they who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and who worshiped and served the creation instead of the Creator, who is praised forever. Amen.

²⁶ Because of this, God gave them over to dishonorable passions, for their women exchanged natural relations for those that were unnatural.

²⁷ Likewise, the men also left their natural relations with women and burned in their lust for one another. These were men who committed shameless acts with men and received in themselves the penalty they deserved for their error.

²⁸ Because they did not approve of having God in their awareness, he gave them up to a depraved mind, for them to do those things that are not proper.

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ among whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burned in their lust toward one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith amongst all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ amongst whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit amongst you also, even as amongst the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonoured amongst themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burnt in their lust towards one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh.

⁴ And declared to be the Son of God, with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

⁵ By whom we have received grace and apostleship for obedience to the faith among all nations for his name:

⁶ Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:

⁷ To all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you, and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ Making request (if by any means now at length I may have a prosperous journey by the will of God) to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established;

¹² That is, that I may be comforted together with you, by the mutual faith both of you and me.

¹³ Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that I have often purposed to come to you (but have been hitherto hindered) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the barbarians, both to the wise, and to the unwise.

¹⁵ So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God to salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

¹⁷ For in this is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness, and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness.

¹⁹ Because that which may be known of God, is manifest in them; for God hath shown it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:

²¹ Because that when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful, but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools:

²³ And changed the glory of the incorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping animals.

²⁴ Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness, through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonor their own bodies between themselves:

²⁵ Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshiped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

²⁶ For this cause God gave them up to vile affections. For even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature:

²⁷ And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one towards another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was meet.

²⁸ And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient;

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Yeshua the Messiah our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and the office of emissary for obedience of faith among all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ among whom you are also called to belong to Yeshua the Messiah;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be holy ones: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Yeshua the Messiah.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Yeshua the Messiah for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to proclaim the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Messiah, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burned in their lust toward one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who was declared to be the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Yeshua the Messiah our Lord,

⁵ through whom we received grace and the office of emissary for obedience of faith amongst all the nations for his name’s sake;

⁶ amongst whom you are also called to belong to Yeshua the Messiah;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be holy ones: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Yeshua the Messiah.

⁸ First, I thank my God through Yeshua the Messiah for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

⁹ For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

¹⁰ requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

¹² that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

¹³ Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (and was hindered so far), that I might have some fruit amongst you also, even as amongst the rest of the Gentiles.

¹⁴ I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

¹⁵ So as much as is in me, I am eager to proclaim the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

¹⁶ For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Messiah, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

¹⁷ For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

¹⁹ because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse.

²¹ Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

²² Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

²³ and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things.

²⁴ Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonoured amongst themselves;

²⁵ who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

²⁶ For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

²⁷ Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burnt in their lust towards one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

²⁸ Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

³ of his Son, which is made to him of the seed of David by or after the flesh,

⁴ and he was before-ordained, or predestined by grace, the Son of God in virtue, by the Spirit of hallowing of the again-rising of dead men, of Jesus Christ our Lord,

⁵ by whom we have received grace and the office of apostle or apostle-hood, to obey to the faith in all folks, for his name,

⁶ among which ye be also called of Jesus Christ,

⁷ to all that be at Rome, darlings or the beloved of God, and called holy, grace be to you, and peace of God our Father, and of the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First I do thankings to my God, by Jesus Christ, for all you, for your faith is showed in all the world.

⁹ For God is a witness to me, to whom I serve in my spirit, in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mind of you evermore in my prayers,

¹⁰ and beseech or praying, if in any manner sometime I have a speedy way in the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I desire to see you, to impart somewhat to you of spiritual grace or that I give to you something of spiritual grace, that ye be confirmed,

¹² that is, to be comforted together in you, by that faith that is both yours and mine together.

¹³ And, brethren, I will not, that ye not know, that oft I purposed to come to you, and I am hindered till this time, that I have some fruit in you, as in other folks.

¹⁴ To Greeks and to barbarians, to wise men and to unwise men, I am debtor,

¹⁵ so that that is in me is ready to preach the gospel or to evangelize also to you that be at Rome.

¹⁶ For I shame not the gospel, for it is the virtue of God into health, to each man that believeth, to the Jew first, and to the Greek.

¹⁷ For the rightwiseness of God is showed in it, of faith into faith, as it is written, For a just man liveth of faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is showed from heaven on all unpiety and wickedness or unrightwiseness of those men, that withhold or hold aback the truth of God in unrightwiseness.

¹⁹ For that thing of God that is known, is showed or is made open to them, for God hath showed to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him, that be understood, be beheld of the creature of the world, by those things that be made, yea, and the everlasting virtue of him, and the Godhead, so that they may not be excused or they be unexcusable.

²¹ For when they had known God, they glorified him not as God, neither did thankings; but they vanished in their thoughts, and the unwise heart of them was darked or made dark.

²² For they saying that themselves were wise, they were made fools.

²³ And they exchanged the glory of uncorruptible God into the likeness of an image of a deadly or a corruptible man, and of birds, and of four-footed beasts, and of serpents.

²⁴ For which thing God betook them into the desires of their heart, into uncleanness, that they punish with wrongs their bodies in themselves.

²⁵ The which men changed the truth of God into leasing, and praised and served a creature rather than the Creator, that is blessed into worlds of worlds or into without end. Amen.

²⁶ Therefore God betook them into passions of shame or of evil fame. For the women of them changed the natural use into that use that is against kind.

²⁷ Also the men forsook the kindly use of women, and burned in their desires together, and men into men wrought filthhood, and received into themselves the meed that behooved of their error.

²⁸ And as they proved that they had not God in knowing, God betook them into a reprovable wit, that they do those things that be not covenable;

³ of his Son, which is made to him of the seed of David by the flesh, of his Son, the which is made of the seed of David after the flesh, (of his Son, who was made for him from the seed of David by the flesh,)

⁴ and he was before-ordained, or predestined by grace, the Son of God in virtue, by the Spirit of hallowing of the again-rising of dead men, of Jesus Christ our Lord, (and he was predestined by grace the Son of God in power, by the Spirit, by the consecrating of the resurrection from the dead, yea, Jesus Christ our Lord,)

⁵ by whom we have received grace and the office of apostle, or apostlehood, to obey to the faith in all folks, for his name, (or to lead to the faith in his name those in all nations and peoples),

⁶ among which ye be also called of Jesus Christ,

⁷ to all that be at Rome, darlings or the (be)loved of God, and called holy, grace be to you, and (the) peace of God our Father, and of the Lord Jesus Christ.

⁸ First I do thankings to my God (or First I give thanks to my God), by Jesus Christ, for all (of) you, for your faith is showed in all the world.

⁹ For God is a witness to me, to whom I serve in my spirit, in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mind of you (for)evermore in my prayers, (For God is my witness, to whom I serve in my spirit, in the Gospel, or the Good News, of his Son, so that without ceasing I always remember you in my prayers,)

¹⁰ and beseech or praying, if in any manner sometime I have a speedy way in the will of God to come to you.

¹¹ For I desire to see you, to (im)part somewhat to you of spiritual grace or that I give to you something of spiritual grace, (so) that ye be confirmed,

¹² that is, to be comforted together in you (or to be strengthened by you), by that faith that is both yours and mine together.

¹³ And, brethren, I will not, that ye not know, that oft I purposed to come to you, and I am hindered till this time, that I have some fruit in you, as in other folks. (And brothers, I do not desire, that ye do not know, that I often planned to come to you, but I am hindered until this time, so that I can have some fruit in you, as I have in other nations and peoples.)

¹⁴ To Greeks and to barbarians, to wise men and to unwise men, I am (a) debtor,

¹⁵ so that that is in me is ready to preach the gospel or to evangelize also to you that be at Rome.

¹⁶ For I shame not the gospel, for it is the virtue of God into health, to each man that believeth, to the Jew first, and to the Greek. (For I am not ashamed of the Gospel or the Good News, for it is the power of God unto salvation, to everyone who believeth, to the Jew first, and to the Greek.)

¹⁷ For the rightwiseness of God is showed in it, of faith into faith, as it is written, For a just man liveth of faith.

¹⁸ For the wrath of God is showed from heaven on all unpiety and wickedness or unrightwiseness of those men, that withhold or that hold aback the truth of God in unrightwiseness.

¹⁹ For that thing of God that is known, is showed or is made open to them, for God hath showed (it) to them.

²⁰ For the invisible things of him, that be understood, be beheld of the creature of the world (or be seen from the creation of the world), by those things that be made, yea, and the everlasting virtue of him (or and his eternal power), and the Godhead, so that they may not be excused or they be unexcusable.

²¹ For when they had known God, they glorified him not as God, neither did thankings (or nor gave thanks); but they vanished in their thoughts, and the unwise heart of them was darked or made dark.

²² For they saying that themselves were wise, they were made fools.

²³ And they (ex)changed the glory of (the) uncorruptible God into the likeness of an image of a deadly or a corruptible man, and of birds, and of four-footed beasts, and of serpents. (And they exchanged the glory of the incorruptible or the immortal God, for the likeness of an image of a mortal man, and those of birds, and of four-footed beasts, and of serpents.)

²⁴ For which thing God betook them into the desires of their heart (or For which thing God delivered them unto the desires of their hearts), into uncleanness, (so) that they punish with wrongs their bodies in themselves.

²⁵ The which men changed the truth of God into leasing (or into lying), and praised and served a creature rather than the Creator, that is blessed into worlds of worlds or into without end. Amen. (And these men changed the truth of God into lies, and praised and served creatures, or the Creation, rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever and ever. Amen.)

²⁶ Therefore God betook them into (the) passions of shame or of evil fame. For the women of them changed the natural use into that use that is against kind. (And so God delivered them unto their shameless passions. And their women changed from the natural use, or the natural way, to that way that is against nature.)

²⁷ Also the men forsook the kindly use of women, and burned in their desires together, and men into men wrought filthhood, and received into themselves the meed that behooved (them) of their error. (And the men gave up the natural use of women, and burned in their desires for one another, and men with men wrought filthhood, and received unto themselves the reward that they deserved for their error.)

²⁸ And as they proved that they had not God in knowing, God betook them into a reprovable wit, that they do those things that be not covenable; (And as they proved that they did not have true knowledge of God, God delivered them unto their corrupted minds, or their corrupted way of thinking, so that they do those things that be not suitable;)

³ concerning His Son, (who is come of the seed of David according to the flesh,

⁴ who is marked out Son of God in power, according to the Spirit of sanctification, by the rising again from the dead,) Jesus Christ our Lord;

⁵ through whom we did receive grace and apostleship, for obedience of faith among all the nations, in behalf of his name;

⁶ among whom are also ye, the called of Jesus Christ;

⁷ to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called saints; Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ!

⁸ first, indeed, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is proclaimed in the whole world;

⁹ for God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the good news of His Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you,

¹⁰ always in my prayers beseeching, if by any means now at length I shall have a prosperous journey, by the will of God, to come unto you,

¹¹ for I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, that ye may be established;

¹² and that is, that I may be comforted together among you, through the faith in one another, both yours and mine.

¹³ And I do not wish you to be ignorant, brethren, that many times I did purpose to come unto you — and was hindered till the present time — that some fruit I might have also among you, even as also among the other nations.

¹⁴ Both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to wise and to thoughtless, I am a debtor,

¹⁵ so, as much as in me is, I am ready also to you who are in Rome to proclaim good news,

¹⁶ for I am not ashamed of the good news of the Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation to every one who is believing, both to Jew first, and to Greek.

¹⁷ For the righteousness of God in it is revealed from faith to faith, according as it hath been written, 'And the righteous one by faith shall live,'

¹⁸ for revealed is the wrath of God from heaven upon all impiety and unrighteousness of men, holding down the truth in unrighteousness.

¹⁹ Because that which is known of God is manifest among them, for God did manifest it to them,

²⁰ for the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world, by the things made being understood, are plainly seen, both His eternal power and Godhead — to their being inexcusable;

²¹ because, having known God they did not glorify Him as God, nor gave thanks, but were made vain in their reasonings, and their unintelligent heart was darkened,

²² professing to be wise, they were made fools,

²³ and changed the glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of fowls, and of quadrupeds, and of reptiles.

²⁴ Wherefore also God did give them up, in the desires of their hearts, to uncleanness, to dishonour their bodies among themselves;

²⁵ who did change the truth of God into a falsehood, and did honour and serve the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed to the ages. Amen.

²⁶ Because of this did God give them up to dishonourable affections, for even their females did change the natural use into that against nature;

²⁷ and in like manner also the males having left the natural use of the female, did burn in their longing toward one another; males with males working shame, and the recompense of their error that was fit, in themselves receiving.

²⁸ And, according as they did not approve of having God in knowledge, God gave them up to a disapproved mind, to do the things not seemly;